Device for determining the inclination and direction of drill holes in the ground



May 7, 1957 E. anoxs'rRM DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE INCLINATION AND DIRECTION 0F DRILL HOLES IN THE GROUND Filed 0G12. 27, 1953 Husc,v,or they do not give su'iiicientlyfaccurate" KAthe said diic'ulties and toprojv'ide a device fordet" characterized by the provision in thercasing lof an e net and isproyided withpivots `or,tlievlike o said casing, the 'magnetic' axisl of said second m guet forni- `nvientioned axi'sdforrns right angles with'tli'e longi `can be caused rto turn in'opposite directi-o'1g1sy about't United States Patent 2,791,065 luliateerited May 7, 1,957

Pice

v1,)EVIGE FOR DETERMINING THE INCLINATION Vrgvgg{ECTION F DRILL HGLES ,Illric Bertil koxstrm, Hagersten, Stockholm, Sweden, ad

Signor toSveriska Diaman'tber'gho'r'rnings Aittabolaget, .S fot-khakil Sweden, aSwedish company 'i `Application Ot0ben27, 1953, Serial.No. .388,504 43 Ilaimn Cl. ,3 3r2v05) yWhenrmarlging drill 'holes in the ground,y particularly Ydrill holes whichy run partly Athrough rock and `partly through looser vearth-layers, it often happens I that 'the dip or inclination of the drill hole tothe'horiiontal plne ing thejinclination and direetion ofvdrill holes in 'the' ground yat variousdepths frornthe mouthlof thevholeywhichfis .Simple .and easy to usaandwhich ,gives eccitate, mea ulring results.

" yThe present device comprises a dip indivator'wvhich ,is

provided with a cylindrical casing the'routerwdiimeter'of which is substantiallyeqnal to the diameter yofthe drill `hole to be examined, and which is intended to 1benloii/'ercd or pushedintothe drill hole Vtoi that orpoints :ther/eof atv whichthe inclination ,andthe direction vovfQthe,y ole is to beI determined, a contact arm whichfserves asa perndulum, or is com iectedtcla pendulnnr,

said casing. The device aecr'ding ,tof this inventionis tr'omignet sagamedia ailpfsiin fhefsii .afidaaatid magnet Whish may, suitably be @Permanent maeaetaad which is positioned in the vicinity v ofthe fixed Velectroiiia'gl in axis' lof.. Saidsasihaso wat .by @asiatica 'Of ,the d electroni-,asset in.., 12P,QSita directions' thafsecaadl ,ma lief 0f, Saidepirots thean'taclt aim Which'ssrvesf haar?? or is attachedto a, pendulum being secured to,said,set .'nd

about the axis of thepiyotsyof said magnet towards'and awayV from La stationarylcontact'in said'jcasin'g.

- The abovernentioned cylindrical casing' 'oflthe ldip ,in-

dicator isattached to one end of a ro'd or'shaft'by'the aidlof'which thedipindicator can be lowered or pushed into adrillholej Said -rdorshaf which may preferably he tubular,r is suiciently flexibleto be moved ,through curved .ermbentA portions `of the ,drill vhole,n whileatfthe Vsame. time it Ais. .substantially nonftorsional. .so .that it ythrcvaughltlrie, galvanorneter need only have a low open 'circuit voltage, so that the risk `of damagesY to the'contacts fis practically An'on-eiristent.' rThe device according' rto the fzo'n'tal direction.

intended for vexamination of drill holes which extend inl a deviation of Athe direction of the drill hole in the ground "from 4a predetermined direction of orientation above the v'groun'd. 'The'coil of the iixe'd electromagnet'is connected "by "electric conductors, which may suitably pass through the bore inthe' tubular rod or shaft, to a circuit above ground which 4comprises a source of current, such as ya fh'att'e'ry, means vsuch as a variable resistor f or regulating 'the strength of the current in said circuit, and rneans such as a niilliammeter 'for measuring the strength of said lcurrent, With the aid of the device accordingt'o the invenv"tio'riit is possible `to determine' the inclination of the dip 'indicator when positioned 'in a drillv hole by the aid'of the simple' instruments just mentioned, as' it `is merely l necessary to measure the current required yin each Yinstance 'of inclination Vin'orrder to move theeontact arrnin engagelnient' with', or'away from, the laforementioned stationary contac t''whi ch`, together with the said contact arm, is

connected' i'n a' second, circuit which includes a battery fand ya'signal device, such as a signal lamp or a galvanometer.' r"'Pc'issible variations in the resistance of the circuit lthronghthe electrorna'gnetv canyeasily `bevcontrolled and "compensated bysimple means, such as a rheostat, wherefth'e a'cciiracy vof the measurements becomes very great, The 'possibility of using va comparatively'longcontactY arm also contributes to thesaid great accuracy. The circuit v r'ioii'a'llso renders it possible to determine: the inclination 'o'fdrill holes which extendin a substantially hori- Flor a complete understanding of this invention and `the'advantages which it provides, reference 'should vbe "Ahad'to the following, description and to the accompany- 'ing drawing, which illustrates by way vof example two eonstructional forms of the present invention. Fig. l shows, partly in elevation and partly in axial section, a con- 'stru'ctional form of a device'according to the invention which `is mainly intended for the examinationl of drill whichrare more or less inclined to the vertical, and a diagram of 'the circuits employed. Fig. 2 shows an elevfationof the alidade of the device Viewed from the left in .'Fig. 1.' Fig. 3,shows an axial section taken at 90"A to that i shown inl-iig. l, of the inner casing of the dip indicator and fthe, parts.' enclosed therein.

Fig. 4 is an axial section through a joint between the abutting ends of ytwo links 'of the shaft to which the dip indicator is attached, fand flig. 5 `shows a top plan view of thelower link in `Fig. 4.

Fig. d is an axial section of the dip indicator of a modified constructional form of a device according to the invention substantially horizontal direction.

v Ifhe dip or inclinadon indicator comprises a cylindrical .casing "1 which is closed :at ,its lower end, as viewed in yFig. l, and which is preferablymade of a non-magnetic )'r'neftal.A The dip indicator is intended to be inserted in and k"pljivshed along the drill hole to be examined, and for this purpose it is attached to one end rof a rod or'shaft, which I"may conveniently consist of a ch-ain or string of links which are sufficiently flexible to be moved` through curved or "bent'portionsof the drill hole'Land which are attached to fone notherin such mannerythat they are incapable of turning' about their axes relatively to oneanothen ln 'the "instance illustrated in the drawingeachlinkof the cha-in string consists of a tubular rod or link 2 which may `have Aa length, for instance, of from -three to six meters.

`shown in Figs. l and 4, each tubular rod or link is pro- 1videdl at its upper end ,with a male coupling member vin theformfof 'a wedge-shaped projection 14 and at its lower 11d with a' corresponding female coupling member in the Vof ka, wedge-shaped Arecess 1S which serves to Are- 'ce e 'the wedge-shaped projection 14 on the adiacenti-ink when the links 2 are assembled so that in this manner the abutting links are held against turning relatively to one upper end 17 of the lower link 2. The sleeve 16 is provided at its upper end with internal screw threads 18, which may be square threads, and which have a larger pitch than the threads 17 Each link 2 is provided at its lower end Vwith external screw threads corresponding to the threads 18. Therefore, `by partly unscrewing the sleeve 16 yfrom the upper end of the lower link 2 the upper portion of the sleeve is screwed onto the lower end of the upper link 2, and due to the difference of the pitches the ends of the links are pulled towards each other, so that the wedge-like projection 14 is forced -int-o the groove 15 and the two links are rigidly interlocked.` Each link 2 is pro vided at each end with a plug19 of rubber or other preferably elastic insulating material. Inserted in said rubber plugs are a number of cont-act pins 20r provided with fiat heads 21 which bear againstthe heads of the corresponding contacts in the plug in the ladjacent link2 when in assembled position. Attached to the contact pins 20 are electric conductors 31, 33, 34 vwhich connect each con` tact pin to a corresponding contact pin at the opposite end of the link, and which will be further referred to here below.

The upper end of the uppermost link 2 of the string of links is attached, in the manner described with reference to Fig. 4, by means of a threaded sleeve 16 to the lower member 22 of an alid-ade which will be further described here below. The said member 22 is provided with a wedge-'shaped groove 15, a plug 19 and contact pins 20 in the same manner as described in connection with Fig. 4.

The cylindrical casing 1 is provided at its upperend with a wedge-shaped projection 14 similar to the projection 14 in Fig. 4, by means of which it is inserted in the corresponding groove 15 at 4the lower end of the adjacent link 2. A plug 19 having contact pins 20, as above described in connection with Fig.i4, is inserted in the upper end of the casing 1. The casing 1 is surrounded by an` outer tubular casing 23 which is screwthreaded onto the lower end of the adjacent link 2, thus rigidly llocking the inner casing 1 to said link 2. The outer casing 23 may be provided with a bottom plug 24 screwthreaded to thewall of said casing 23 to facilitate insertion and adjustment of the inner casing 1 in the correct position relatively to the adjacent link. The outer diameter of the outer casing 23 is nearly equal to the diameter of the drill hole to be examined, so that at each position of the dip indicator in a drill hole in which it has been inserted, the longitudinal axis of the indicator will be parallel to the axis of the drill hole at that particular point. i

An electromagnet 3 having a coil 4 is secured in the upper part of the casing 1 by any suitable means, such Vas annular disks 25. Located below the lower end of the electromagnet 3 is a plate 6 having pivots 7 by means of which it is journalled in bearings 26 secured to4 the wall of .the casing 1 in such manner that the axis of the pivots 7, i. e.` the axis of turning of the said plate 6 is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of 4the casing 1. The plate 6 carries on its upper side 'a permanent magnet 8 the magnetic axis of which forms right angles with the axis 7-7 of.turning of the plate 6.

Attached to the lower side of the plate 6 is a compara# tively long contact arm 9 which serves as a pendulum and which is provided at its lower end with Ia contact tip 27 opposite which a contact plate 28 is supported by an insulating block 29 attached to the wall of the casplate.

The contact arm 9, which is made of an electrically conducting material, is connected to an electric conductor 31 which may .also be electrically connected to the cas-V ing 1 at point 32, so that it serves as a ground con-- ductor. One terminal of the coil 4 is connected to said' conductor 31, and its other terminal is connected to lan' electric conductor 33. The contact plate 28 is connected .to an electric conductor 34.v The conductors 31 and 33 form part of a circuit which includes a milliammeter 35,- a variable resistor or rheostat 36, a singlepole switch' 37, a source of current such as a battery 38, a second rheostat 39, and a reversing switch 40. The conductors 31 and 34 form part of a circuit which includes a signal device, such Ias a galvanometer 41, a reversing switch 42, and a battery 43.

The lower member 22 of the alidade carries an index 45, Fig. 2. The upper member 46 of the alidade is rotatable relatively to the lower member 22 `about the vertical axis of the alidade as viewed in Figs. l and 2, land is provided with a scale 47 which is graduated in angular degrees and cooperates with the index 45.` To the `upper member 46 a sight 48 is secured which is provided at one end with a sighting-notch 49 and at the other yend with a bead 50.

When the dip indicator is so positioned that its axis is precisely vertical, as shown in Figs. 1, Z and 3, and pro vided that no current tiows through the electromagnet coil y4, the contact arm `9 is vertically suspended and the contact tip 27 at its end is at avery short distance from the contact plate 28. In this position, therefore, it will only require a current of very small magnitude through the coil 4 of the electromagnet 3 in order to energize the electromagnet in such direction that it attracts the south pole S of the permanent magnet 8 to move the contact tip 27 in engagement with the contact plate 28. But if the dip indicator is inclined from the vertical in such direction that the contact plate 28 is moved to the right, as viewed in Fig. l, away from the vertically suspended contact arm 9, then a stronger current through the magnet coil 4 is required in order to move the arm 9 about its pivots 7 so that the contact tip 27 engages the contact plate 28, the strength of this current being dependent upon the angle of inclination of the dip indicator from the vertical. Similarly, if the dip indicator is inclined in the opposite direction so that the contact tip 27 rests against the contact plate 28, then a current of reversed polarity is required through the coil 4 of the electromagnet in order to move the contactarm 9 away from the contact plate 28, and also in this case the strength of the current is dependent upon the angle of inclination of the dip indicator from the vertical. Therefore, before using the dip indicator for determining the dip or inclination of drill holes in the ground, it is necessary to determine the relationship of the strength of current to the angle of inclination 'when the axis 7-7 of turning of the contact arm 9 occupies a horizontal position. This calibration of the instrument is-carried out in the following manner:

With the dip indicator above ground and placed in a vertical position, it is connected to the circuits shown in Fig. 1. By means of the rheostat 39, which may be termed a compensation rheostat, a predetermined resistance is included inthe circuit of the electromagnet coil 4, for a purpose that will be described here below. The resistance of the circuit may be controlled by means of an ohmmeter in a manner well known in the art which, therefore, is deemed not to require further description. After closing the circuit from battery 38 by means of the switch 37,V the variable resistor or rheostat 36 is so adjusted that the current through the circuit is gradually increased until the arm 9 swings to the right in Fig. 1 and the contact tip 27 engages the contact plate 28 and closes the circuit 34 through Vthe galvanometer 41. If necessary, the direction of the current is reversed by means of the reversing switch 40, in which case the reversing switch 42 in the galvanometer circuit shouldbe reversed, since the two circuits .tion.

,the circuit of-v the electromagnet 3 -is again gradually in. creased until Vthe contact-tip 27 yengages vthe contact plate E havela common'ground conductor- 31. The strength-,cf

vthe currentfrequired as-indicated by the ,milliarnmeter/ 35 f atthe moment when the galvanometer circuit 34 is closed, is recorded. The dip: indicator is then adjusted at an angle of,say, 10 to the vertcaland in making this adjustment aswell as all further adjustments of the indicator during .the calibration thereof, care is taken that the axis 7-7 of -turning of the contact arm 9 occupies a horizontal posi- By means of the rheostat 36 the current through 28,. andcloses the circuit 34through the; galvanometer 41. The-.strength of the current required is read olf on the v. milliammeter 35 and is recorded. Ina similar way the dipindicator is. successively adjusted in `further positions;`

of inclination at .anl angular distanceof say l0"v from one clinationof't-he vdip `indicator and the strength-of the cur- .rent required to move thecontacttip 27 in engagement In vthe calibration curve the j.

with the contact .plate 28. abscissa'may denotethe `angle of inclination, and the various values of the current strength may be plotted, for instance, as positive ordinates.

Similar calibration measurements, aremade with the dip, indicator inclinedin the opposite ydirection vso thatthez;l Contact tip 27 rests on the contact plate '28. In 'this Vcase the current through the electromagnet coi1`4-isreveLSed by means of the reversing switch 4l),l andthe vreversing switch' 42 is also reversed, 4ancljfor eachiinclinatiouof "the'dip indicator a reading is taken von the milliammeter 35 of the current required for moving the contact tip l27 away from the contact vplate 28 to break the circuit through the galvanometer 41. The values of the current strength lthus obtained may be plotted as negative ordinates in the =calibration curve.

When the apparatus above described is to be used for videterminingthe dip or inclination and the direction of a :drill hole in the ground, the dip indicator 1 is assembled ,in the manner above described to the lowerend of a string fof links 2 the upper end kof which is secured to the ,lower member 22 of 'the alidade. For vthe purpose of this deuscription it may be'assumedthat when thus assembled' the plane in which the vcontactl arm 9'moves, Aand 'which is perpendicular to itsaxis 7-7, lies inthe same axial -plane :as the index -45 on vthe 'lower member 22 of the alidade. .Due to the interpos'ition of `various numbers of links 2 and, therefore, the varying lengths of the conductors "31 land 33 of the electromagnet circuit, the resistance 'of said'circuit: is ofcourse varied'in proportion to the length fof Ithe string of links used, and for' this reasony itis necessary to vadjust the resistance yof the-circuit to that predetermined 'value which was used during the calibration of the instrument.

the amount of resistance introduced by Ythe .addition of the various numbers of ,links 2.

It is easily understood that when the dip indicator 'occupies an inclined position the strength of'fthe current re- ,.vquiredtoefect a deflection of the contact arm 9towards r`or. away from the contact plate 28,` is dependent 1upon vthe position of the axis of the pivots v7, 7, relatively to the horizontal plane. The current required is -a maximum when the said taxis is horizontal, that is, when the contact arm 9 moves in a vertical plane, while the current required is a minimum when the axis 4of the pivots 7, 7 lies in a vertical plane. Since, as above stated, the `dip indicator is calibrated in such manner that the calibration `curve shows the relationship of the strength of current to the angle of inclination -of the dip indicator when the axis 7-7 of turning of the contact arm 9 occupies a hori- LZOAtaLmQSitiQD..fitfwill hefunderstccdtthatl,meerder te teStSmede 4at verlousfpesitens-'triangular.displ e. ente yet they y Clin .ndieater about its.y axis.. ,but this4 precedute. l:is inconvenient-and tinne-eensmining,'kredit d @taire sufficiently reliable results .Amerecenvenient and, `freliable measuring. yprecedere, is .as VvfellQWSr -Wfhenfthe Clip .indicator has beenlewered intotthe rill hele to the ydesired depth, .thexalidede 411S;.attached @the upper end of the top link 2, and the conductors kvare ,connected tothe measuring circuits as shown in .Fig.1 l. By

the position not the. upperfnember fteffthe @lidad -etthe Scale 47 .thereen,.=are-maintained@ lring the ubsequent observations. ywhile thev dip,indicator;v .RemainsA Iat the saidgdepth. A treadingis taken on the Vscale47 and recorded, the electromagnet circuit yis closedbyyrn 4aus et .the Switch 3,7. and. the Strength ef .thecurrent'isfsladnelly, increased by means of --the rheostat -36u n til ade .neetion'of they galvanemeter .41, indicates that. the ecntaet tip 27 en. the arm 9 has ymoved against .the eentaet plate 28. The reading on themilliammeter 3S ,is recorded. lf, when setting thefswitch 42, the galvanometer Humaines avdeection, thisindicates that the contactrvt-ip 27 is in l,erliggt'igement with the contact yplate 28 `dnd in this, ase, .,therefore,y the current through the electromagnetisre- Versed-bymeans, lof the reversing switch'ilhvand thewnswith 42 is a'lso'reversed, so that'when energized the electromagnet 3 actuates the permanent magnet 8- in such direction as to move the arm y9 audits Contact tip 27. away from the contact plate 28. The strength of the current Such adjustment is effected by decreasing the resistance of the compensation rheostat 39fin proportion to required to this endisY recorded. r[he current th-rough the electromagnet circuit is -then -switchedoth-and'I by means of any lsuitable tool applied to the Vupperend of the string of links, the lentire string including thelower member 22 of the alidade and the dip indicatoris vnow turned through a certain angle, for instance 30, from-its rst position, 4and a new readingis takenfonjtheioriented scale 47 y.andrecorded yIn themanner above 4des c :r ibed the current through the Aelectrornagnet circuitisnloseld, and -a new reading is .taken on the milliammeter 35gand recorded. This procedure is repeated and readings @are taken at each angular displacement of 30 of the lower ralidade member 22 and the string of links until thefstring of llinks and thus also the dip indicator have made an entire turn. Fromvthe series of readings'thus obtained a. curve is plotted using the angular displacements )as abscissa and the milliammeter readings as ordinates. A substantially sine-shaped curve is obtained. The abscissas lat the points of maximum )and minimum of thesaidsine curve represent that angle of turning of the index45 on the lower alidade member 22 relatively to `the abovementioned direction of orientation 'of the 'sight 48, at which the axis 7 7 of turning `of the arm 9 is horizontal and the said arm moves in a Vertical plane. Accordingly, the said abscissas represent the angle yof deviation of direction of the drill -hole "at the point-to which the dip indicator'` is lowered, fromy the said direction ot-orientation. The amplitude of the sine curve plotted as above stated represents twice the strength Iof current required for moving the contact tip 27 on the arm 9 into engagement with, or away from, the contact plate 28 when the said arm 9 swings in a vertical plane, and provided that the sine curve is plotted to the same scale as the calibration curve, the amplitude measured on the sine curve can be transferred to the calibration curve from which the corresponding angle of inclination, or dip, of the dip indicator is directly obtained.

InfFigL'which illustrates a moded construction of a dip indicator intended for examination of drill holes l of the contact -arm 9 which in this case does not serve" as a pendulum and, Atherefore, can be made very light.

It will be understood that the operation of the constructional form illustrated in Fig. 6 is similar to that above described in connection with Figs. 1 to 5. -l I claim:

1. In a device for determining the inclination and direc-` tion of a drill hole in the ground, the combination of a dip indicator comprising a substantially cylindrical casing having an outer diameter suited to the diameter of the -idrill hole to be examined, an electromagnet supported in a tixed position in said casing, a second magnet positioned `within said casing adjacent said electromagnet so as to be influenced thereby, pivoting means swingably journalling said second magnet in said casing so that it is capable of swinging about an axis forming right angles with the longitudinal axis of said casing, the magnetic axis of said second magnet forming right angles with said axis of said pivoting means, a contact arm attached to said second magnet and swingable therewith about the axis of said pivoting means,` a stationary contact in said casing positioned in the path of swinging movement of said contact arm, an electric circuit located above ground and including a source of electric current, means for closing and breaking said circuit, a current measuring instrument, means for regulating the strength of the current in said circuit, electric conductors connecting said electromagnet of said dip indicator to said circuit, a second electric circuit located above ground and including a source of electric current, means in said second circuit for indicating when an electric current flows in said second circuit, conductors connecting said contact arm and said stationary contact of said dip indicator to said second circuit, means attached to said dip indicator for turning from above the ground said dip indicator about its longitudinal axis While in a drill hole, and means-associated with said turning means above the ground for determining such turning movement of said dip indicator while in a drill hole.

2r In a device for determining the inclination and direction of a drill hole in the ground, the combination of a dip r indicator comprising a substantially cylindrical casing having an outer diameter suited to the diameter of the drill boleto be examined, an electromagnet supported in a fixed position in said casing, a second magnet positioned within said casing adjacent said electromagnet so as to be iniluenced thereby, pivoting means swingably journalling said second magnet in said casing so that it is capable of swinging about an axis forming right angles with the longitudinal axis of said casing, the magnetic axis of said second magnet forming right angles with s'aid axis of said pivoting means, a weighted contact arm attached to said second magnet and swingable therewith about the axis of said pivoting means, a stationary contact in said casing positioned in the path of swinging movement of said contact arm, an electric circuit located above ground and includ- Cil 8 v ing a source of electric current, means for closing and breaking said circuit, a current measuring instrument, means for regulating the strength of the current in said circuit, electric conductors connecting said electromagnet of said dip indicator to said circuit, asecond electric circuit lc-cated above ground and including a source of electric current, means in said second circuit for indicating when an electric current ows in said second circuit, conductors connecting said contact arm and said stationary contact of said dip indicator to said second'circuit, means attached to said dip indicator for turning from above the ground said dip indicator about its longitudinal axis while in a drill hole, and means associated with said turning means above the ground for determining such turning movementV of said dip indicator while in a drill hole.

3. In a device for determining the inclination and direction of a drill hole in the ground, the combination of a dip indicator comprising a substantially cylindrical casing having an outer diameter suited to the diameter of the drill hole to be examined, an electromagnet supported in a fixed position in said casing, a second magnet positioned within said casing adjacent said electromagnct so as to be influenced thereby, pivoting means swingably journalling said second magnet in said casing so that it is capable of swinging about an axis forming right angles with the longitudinal axis of said casing, the magnetic axis of said second magnet forming right angles with said axis of said pivoting means, a contact arm attached to said second magnet and swingable therewith about the axis of said pivoting means, a stationary contact in said casing positioned in the path of swinging movement of said contact arm, an electric circuit located above ground and including a source of electric current, means for closing and breaking said circuit, a current measuring instrument, means for regulating the strength of the current in said circuit, electric conductors connecting said electromagnct of said dip indicator to said circuit, a second electric circuit located above ground and including a source of electric current, means in said second circuit for indicating when an electric current flows in said second circuit, conductors connecting said contact arm and said stationary contact of said dip indicator to said second circuit, a laterally ilexible shaft non-rotatably attached to said dip indicator and adapted from above the ground to transmit turning movement to said dip indicator about its longitudinal axis while in a drill hole, said shaft comprising a plurality of tubular links, means for rigidly connecting abutting ends of said links non-rotatably to one another, a number of lengths of electric conductors within each such tubular link, contact pins attached to the ends of said lengths of electric conductors at each end of each such link and electrically insulated therefrom, an alidadc cornprising two members rotatable relatively to one another about a common axis, one member of said alidade being non-rotatably attached to one end of said shaft above the ground and carrying an index, the second member of said alidade having a scale graduated in angular degrees cooperating with said index on said first member, and a sight attached to said second `member of said alidade.

Anschutz-Kaempfe Dec. 19, 1916 Johnston Oct. 3, 1933 

